Dispersão concentrada do emprego intra-urbano: modelos teóricos e abordagens empíricas
Palavras-chave:
Estrutura espacial, Espraiamento do emprego, Centros e subcentros de negócios.Resumo
A dispersão concentrada do emprego tem implicação de política pública relevante. O surgimento de novos centros de emprego afeta os vetores de preços de equilíbrio, tornando o preço da terra mais elevado, salários tendo de ser compensados por tal elevação, ou elevação da demanda por um sistema de transporte capaz de reunir mão de obra mais barata em lugares mais distantes e, consequentemente, reduzindo o spatial mismatch entre oferta e demanda por mão de obra. Em face da importância do tema e da ausência de um estudo sistematizado, este artigo discute a relevância da análise econômica do espraiamento do emprego dentro das cidades e sistematiza as metodologias empíricas de identificação de centralidades e subcentralidades. Para tanto, vale-se de uma abordagem metodológica denominada foward chaining, que constitui da identificação dos documentos a partir do grupo selecionado previamente. Os resultados apontam para a evolução dos modelos teóricos ao microfundamentar os modelos desenvolvidos pela Escola Alemã e, especialmente, ao abordar a existência de múltiplos centros. No âmbito da abordagem empírica, os métodos de identificação estão se concentrando em estimações econométricas e estratégias de identificação que considerem a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho intertemporalmente têm sido incorporadas.
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